[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1280},["ShallowReactive",2],{"wiki-page-\u002Fwiki\u002F2023-10-05-cplusplus-jiao-xue\u002F2000-xian-dai-c":3,"wiki-doc-items-2023-10-05-cplusplus-jiao-xue":732,"wiki:author-members":1268},{"id":4,"title":5,"authors":6,"body":8,"chapterDepth":717,"chapterOrder":718,"date":719,"description":14,"docKey":720,"docRoot":721,"docTitle":722,"extension":723,"isWikiDoc":724,"isWikiIndex":725,"meta":726,"navigation":724,"path":727,"seo":728,"stem":729,"wikiDepth":730,"__hash__":731},"wiki\u002Fwiki\u002F2023-10-05-Cplusplus教学\u002F2000-现代C++.md","现代C++",[7],"董佳辉",{"type":9,"value":10,"toc":702},"minimark",[11,15,18,22,25,57,60,63,176,179,214,217,220,410,413,424,438,441,445,457,460,498,501,507,510,536,539,546,597,606,609,612,645,648],[12,13,14],"p",{},"\"现代 C++\"通常指 C++11 以及之后的标准引入的一系列写法和库工具。它不是把旧 C++ 全部推翻，而是在原有语法之上，提供更安全、更清晰、更适合工程开发的表达方式。",[12,16,17],{},"本章按\"由浅入深、从常用到进阶\"的顺序组织：先学每天都会用到的语法，再学生命周期和资源管理，接着学回调、数据表达、时间、文件和并发，最后了解模块化编译。",[19,20,21],"h2",{"id":21},"本章例程约定",[12,23,24],{},"为了方便你直接复制验证，本章各小节的\"示例代码\"遵循这些约定：",[26,27,28,37,44,51,54],"ol",{},[29,30,31,32,36],"li",{},"示例代码都包含完整 ",[33,34,35],"code",{},"#include","。",[29,38,39,40,43],{},"示例代码都包含 ",[33,41,42],{},"main"," 函数。",[29,45,46,47,50],{},"示例代码可以复制到单个 ",[33,48,49],{},".cpp"," 文件中编译运行。",[29,52,53],{},"每个示例代码下方都给出运行结果。",[29,55,56],{},"示例尽量一次只增加一个新概念，避免一个例子塞太多东西。",[12,58,59],{},"文中的\"常见错误\"用于说明不要这样写。为了避免误复制，错误写法会尽量放在文字说明或短片段中，不当作可运行示例。",[19,61,62],{"id":62},"学习顺序",[64,65,66,83],"table",{},[67,68,69],"thead",{},[70,71,72,77,80],"tr",{},[73,74,76],"th",{"align":75},"left","阶段",[73,78,79],{"align":75},"先解决的问题",[73,81,82],{"align":75},"对应章节",[84,85,86,111,125,151],"tbody",{},[70,87,88,92,95],{},[89,90,91],"td",{"align":75},"基础表达",[89,93,94],{"align":75},"少写重复类型，减少空指针和枚举混用，遍历更清楚",[89,96,97,100,101,100,104,100,107,110],{"align":75},[33,98,99],{},"auto","、",[33,102,103],{},"nullptr",[33,105,106],{},"using",[33,108,109],{},"enum class","、范围 for、结构化绑定",[70,112,113,116,119],{},[89,114,115],{"align":75},"生命周期",[89,117,118],{"align":75},"资源什么时候释放，谁拥有对象，大对象怎么高效传递",[89,120,121,124],{"align":75},[33,122,123],{},"constexpr","、RAII、智能指针、右值引用和移动语义",[70,126,127,130,133],{},[89,128,129],{"align":75},"回调和数据模型",[89,131,132],{"align":75},"小函数、回调保存、参数适配、可能没有值、多种类型之一",[89,134,135,136,100,139,100,142,100,145,100,148],{"align":75},"Lambda、",[33,137,138],{},"std::function",[33,140,141],{},"std::bind",[33,143,144],{},"std::optional",[33,146,147],{},"std::variant",[33,149,150],{},"std::span",[70,152,153,156,159],{},[89,154,155],{"align":75},"系统能力",[89,157,158],{"align":75},"格式化输出、时间、并发、文件系统、模块化",[89,160,161,164,165,100,168,171,172,175],{"align":75},[33,162,163],{},"std::format"," \u002F ",[33,166,167],{},"std::print",[33,169,170],{},"std::chrono","、并发编程、",[33,173,174],{},"std::filesystem","、modules",[12,177,178],{},"现代 C++ 的重点不是\"语法更新\"，而是\"把意图写清楚\"。例如：",[180,181,182,191,196,199,202,207],"ul",{},[29,183,184,186,187,190],{},[33,185,103],{}," 让空指针和整数 ",[33,188,189],{},"0"," 分开。",[29,192,193,195],{},[33,194,109],{}," 让不同枚举类型不能随便混用。",[29,197,198],{},"RAII 和智能指针把资源释放交给对象生命周期。",[29,200,201],{},"Lambda 让局部回调写在使用现场。",[29,203,204,206],{},[33,205,138],{}," 把不同类型的可调用对象统一保存和传递。",[29,208,209,164,211,213],{},[33,210,163],{},[33,212,167],{}," 让格式化输出更简洁，并保持类型安全。",[19,215,216],{"id":216},"旧写法和现代写法的关系",[12,218,219],{},"很多现代 C++ 特性都来自一个朴素问题：旧写法能用，但在复杂场景里容易出错。",[64,221,222,235],{},[67,223,224],{},[70,225,226,229,232],{},[73,227,228],{"align":75},"旧写法",[73,230,231],{"align":75},"主要问题",[73,233,234],{"align":75},"现代写法",[84,236,237,254,269,281,301,319,330,342,355,370,386,398],{},[70,238,239,247,250],{},[89,240,241,164,244,246],{"align":75},[33,242,243],{},"NULL",[33,245,189],{}," 表示空指针",[89,248,249],{"align":75},"会和整数重载混淆",[89,251,252],{"align":75},[33,253,103],{},[70,255,256,262,265],{},[89,257,258,261],{"align":75},[33,259,260],{},"typedef"," 写类型别名",[89,263,264],{"align":75},"模板别名不直观",[89,266,267],{"align":75},[33,268,106],{},[70,270,271,274,277],{},[89,272,273],{"align":75},"普通枚举",[89,275,276],{"align":75},"枚举名污染作用域，可隐式转整数",[89,278,279],{"align":75},[33,280,109],{},[70,282,283,289,292],{},[89,284,285,286],{"align":75},"手动 ",[33,287,288],{},"new\u002Fdelete",[89,290,291],{"align":75},"提前返回、异常、重复释放都容易出错",[89,293,294,295,100,298],{"align":75},"RAII、",[33,296,297],{},"std::unique_ptr",[33,299,300],{},"std::shared_ptr",[70,302,303,308,311],{},[89,304,285,305],{"align":75},[33,306,307],{},"lock\u002Funlock",[89,309,310],{"align":75},"忘记解锁会死锁，异常路径更危险",[89,312,313,100,316],{"align":75},[33,314,315],{},"std::lock_guard",[33,317,318],{},"std::unique_lock",[70,320,321,324,327],{},[89,322,323],{"align":75},"远处定义普通函数做简单回调",[89,325,326],{"align":75},"局部逻辑被拆散，不能方便携带上下文",[89,328,329],{"align":75},"Lambda",[70,331,332,335,338],{},[89,333,334],{"align":75},"只用函数指针保存回调",[89,336,337],{"align":75},"不能保存有捕获的 lambda 和函数对象",[89,339,340],{"align":75},[33,341,138],{},[70,343,344,347,350],{},[89,345,346],{"align":75},"手写适配函数调整参数",[89,348,349],{"align":75},"代码重复，旧接口适配麻烦",[89,351,352,354],{"align":75},[33,353,141],{}," 或 Lambda",[70,356,357,360,366],{},[89,358,359],{"align":75},"用特殊值表示失败",[89,361,362,365],{"align":75},[33,363,364],{},"-1","、空字符串等魔法值语义不清",[89,367,368],{"align":75},[33,369,144],{},[70,371,372,379,382],{},[89,373,374,375,378],{"align":75},"用 ",[33,376,377],{},"union"," 表示多种类型",[89,380,381],{"align":75},"访问错误类型会产生未定义行为",[89,383,384],{"align":75},[33,385,147],{},[70,387,388,391,394],{},[89,389,390],{"align":75},"手写时间单位换算",[89,392,393],{"align":75},"秒、毫秒、微秒容易混",[89,395,396],{"align":75},[33,397,170],{},[70,399,400,403,406],{},[89,401,402],{"align":75},"平台相关文件 API",[89,404,405],{"align":75},"Windows\u002FLinux 写法不同",[89,407,408],{"align":75},[33,409,174],{},[12,411,412],{},"学习每个特性时，可以按三个问题来理解：",[26,414,415,418,421],{},[29,416,417],{},"旧写法哪里容易错？",[29,419,420],{},"现代写法如何把意图写进类型或语法里？",[29,422,423],{},"在什么场景下差异才明显？",[12,425,426,427,429,430,433,434,437],{},"比如一个智能指针示例如果只在 ",[33,428,42],{}," 里创建对象然后正常结束，看起来和手动 ",[33,431,432],{},"delete"," 差不多；一旦出现提前 ",[33,435,436],{},"return","、异常、跨函数传递，RAII 的价值就会立刻显现。一个 Lambda 如果只立刻调用，按值捕获和按引用捕获都可能没事；一旦保存到回调、线程、定时器里，生命周期差异就会变得非常重要。",[19,439,440],{"id":440},"推荐学习路线",[442,443,444],"h3",{"id":444},"让代码更清楚",[12,446,447,448,100,450,100,452,100,454,456],{},"先学习 ",[33,449,99],{},[33,451,103],{},[33,453,106],{},[33,455,109],{},"、范围 for 和结构化绑定。这些内容难度不高，但能明显减少冗长代码和低级错误。",[12,458,459],{},"这一阶段重点记住：",[180,461,462,467,472,477,484],{},[29,463,464,466],{},[33,465,99],{}," 不是弱类型，只是让编译器帮你写类型。",[29,468,469,471],{},[33,470,103],{}," 只表示空指针，不表示整数。",[29,473,474,476],{},[33,475,109],{}," 默认不和整数混用。",[29,478,479,480,483],{},"范围 for 默认用 ",[33,481,482],{},"const auto&"," 遍历大对象。",[29,485,486,487,100,490,493,494,497],{},"结构化绑定适合解包 ",[33,488,489],{},"pair",[33,491,492],{},"tuple","、结构体和 ",[33,495,496],{},"map"," 元素。",[442,499,500],{"id":500},"理解生命周期",[12,502,503,504,506],{},"接着学习 ",[33,505,123],{},"、RAII、智能指针和移动语义。这一阶段比语法更重要的是思维方式：对象什么时候创建，什么时候销毁，谁拥有它，谁只是借用它。",[12,508,509],{},"建议按这个顺序理解：",[26,511,512,515,521,527,533],{},[29,513,514],{},"RAII：资源和对象生命周期绑定。",[29,516,517,520],{},[33,518,519],{},"unique_ptr","：独占所有权，默认选择。",[29,522,523,526],{},[33,524,525],{},"shared_ptr","：确实需要多个所有者时才用。",[29,528,529,532],{},[33,530,531],{},"weak_ptr","：只观察，不延长生命周期，用来打破循环引用。",[29,534,535],{},"移动语义：把资源转移出去，避免大对象深拷贝。",[442,537,538],{"id":538},"掌握回调和数据表达",[12,540,135,541,100,543,545],{},[33,542,138],{},[33,544,141],{}," 三章要连起来看，但不要混在一起背：",[64,547,548,561],{},[67,549,550],{},[70,551,552,555,558],{},[73,553,554],{"align":75},"工具",[73,556,557],{"align":75},"解决的问题",[73,559,560],{"align":75},"重点",[84,562,563,573,585],{},[70,564,565,567,570],{},[89,566,329],{"align":75},[89,568,569],{"align":75},"在使用现场写一个小函数",[89,571,572],{"align":75},"捕获列表、参数、返回值、生命周期",[70,574,575,579,582],{},[89,576,577],{"align":75},[33,578,138],{},[89,580,581],{"align":75},"统一保存和传递不同类型的可调用对象",[89,583,584],{"align":75},"类型擦除、回调成员变量、回调容器",[70,586,587,591,594],{},[89,588,589],{"align":75},[33,590,141],{},[89,592,593],{"align":75},"适配已有函数的参数",[89,595,596],{"align":75},"固定参数、调整顺序、绑定成员函数",[12,598,599,100,601,100,603,605],{},[33,600,144],{},[33,602,147],{},[33,604,150],{}," 则分别解决\"可能没有值\"、\"几种类型之一\"、\"借用一段连续数据\"的问题。",[442,607,608],{"id":608},"走向工程能力",[12,610,611],{},"最后学习格式化输出、时间、并发、文件系统和 modules。这些内容更接近真实项目：",[180,613,614,629,634,637,642],{},[29,615,616,164,618,620,621,624,625,628],{},[33,617,163],{},[33,619,167],{}," 比 ",[33,622,623],{},"stringstream"," 简洁，比 ",[33,626,627],{},"printf"," 类型安全。",[29,630,631,633],{},[33,632,170],{}," 避免手写时间单位换算。",[29,635,636],{},"并发编程要先保证正确，再考虑速度。",[29,638,639,641],{},[33,640,174],{}," 让路径、目录、文件信息处理跨平台。",[29,643,644],{},"modules 是 C++20 引入的新编译模型，目前应先理解概念，再根据工具链支持决定是否使用。",[19,646,647],{"id":647},"实战练习建议",[26,649,650,671,676,687,690,699],{},[29,651,652,653,655,656,659,660,663,664,100,666,100,668,670],{},"学 ",[33,654,103],{},"：写两个重载函数，分别接收 ",[33,657,658],{},"int"," 和 ",[33,661,662],{},"int*","，观察 ",[33,665,189],{},[33,667,243],{},[33,669,103],{}," 的区别。",[29,672,652,673,675],{},[33,674,109],{},"：把普通枚举换成枚举类，看看哪些隐式转换被禁止。",[29,677,678,679,681,682,684,685,36],{},"学智能指针：先写一个提前 ",[33,680,436],{}," 的手动 ",[33,683,288],{}," 例子，再改成 ",[33,686,519],{},[29,688,689],{},"学 Lambda：分别用按值捕获和按引用捕获，观察外部变量是否变化。",[29,691,652,692,694,695,698],{},[33,693,138],{},"：把多个不同 lambda 放进同一个 ",[33,696,697],{},"vector","，统一执行。",[29,700,701],{},"学并发：让两个 1 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